High Blood Pressure Essay -- Health, Cardiovascular Disease

Data from World health organization (2002), estimated that high blood pressure was the cause of death for more than 7 million individuals every year, affecting 972 million of world population which accounts for 26.4% in total, 26.6% of those are men and 26.1% are women. In addition 333 million of those in developed countries and 639 million in developing countries and responsible for 11% of all diseases burden in industrial countries, it also estimated to be the case of death for more than 20% in men and almost 24% in women. (WHO, 2003), (Kearney et al, 2005) In the future, high blood pressure is predicted to increase about 60% by 2025 to reach a total of 1.56 billion. This increase expected to contribute of 9% and 13% in both men and women respectively. (Kearney et al, 2005) Globally, the highest prevalence rate of high blood pressure found in women in former socialist economies region while for men was in Latin American and Caribbean region and the lowest prevalence was in â€Å"other Asian and islands† region for both men and women. (Kearney et al, 2005) High blood pressure considered one of the main risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, which contributes with 62% of cardiovascular diseases globally. It also contributes to 54% of stroke cases and 47% ischemic heart disease. (Lawest et al, 2008) Moreover it is responsible for 50% of heart failure burden in the world. (Lloyd et al, 2002) The INTERHEART study estimated that having a hypertension was the reason for 25% of heart attack cases in both central and Eastern Europe while it represents the same reason for 22 % of Western Europe. Individuals who have an elevated blood pressure are suspect to have heart attack twice more than normotensive. ( Yusuf et al, 2004) or Brit... ...to affect individuals in controlling their high blood pressure and it is also a serious risk factor of cardiovascular disease. For that, this study aims to develop a treatment model which helps high blood pressure individuals in Saudi Arabia to decrease and control their high blood pressure in easy way, less costing, fit the Saudi culture, life style, and overcome the weather obstacle. Taking into counter the evidence on exercise in reducing the blood pressure, and walking in particular. The question arise, does promote walking among Saudi individuals could be the solution to overcome the co-morbidity factors and become a step stone in managing the high blood pressure. Not to forget to mention that walking suits any member of the society regardless the age, gender, social and traditions attributes, and does not cost more than comfortable athletic shoes.

Leadership orientation

Nowadays, there is a number pf psychological tests, intended to measure leadership-related abilities as well as managerial style and orientation. In the present paper I would like to describe my own results of the following surveys: the Willingness-to-Communicate Scale; the Leadership Style Preferences Inventory; the McGregor Theory X and Y Surveys; the Followership Questionnaire, the Leadership Grid Survey and the Least Preferred Coworker Scale. The Willingness-to-Communicate Scale The Willingness-to-Communicate Scale was developed in order to determine the aspects of communication in which the individuals less competent or more suspicious, as in different environments individuals tend to express themselves in dissimilar ways. This survey first appeared to me strange, as it was difficult to recollect how often I wish to establish contact or communicate in certain situations. The survey suggests that I am willing to interact with others in group discussions and during meetings, interpersonal conversations (the highest score) and when it is necessary to communicate with a friend, whereas I am probably a bit shy or insufficiently self-confident to speak on public, moreover, the results suggest that I almost never wish to converse with strangers. In the context of leadership, this test would probably indicate that it the work in HRM sphere would require of me additional adaptation, as sometimes I do not wish to establish rapport with strangers. On the contrary, I am a team player, who can maintain friendly relations and symmetric communication with trustworthy and reliable colleagues/inferiors. The Leadership Style Preferences Inventory The Leadership Style Preferences Inventory demonstrates that I am bale to maximize human potential and encourage or motivate others, in addition, I often use empowerment and active listening as my tools. Confidence and ability to innovate are less notable, but also represented in my personality, whereas I am not always capable of inspiring others – this means, I can provide psychological incentive to an individual, but not always invent new ways of inspiring, whereas the survey suggest that I will become a truly resourceful leader if I will view and analyze the related cases (as a component of my current studies) and try to generate alternatives to the decisions, made in the scenarios. My overall ability to lead is higher than medium, so it is natural for everyone to have weak points to reinforce. The McGregor Theory X and Y Surveys The McGregor Theory X and Y Surveys are in my opinion quite outdated, as this approach divides managers into merely two categories:   the category X managers are generally less ‘mature’ and ‘wise’ than those belonging to the latter group. As for me, the results suggest that I have more Y-characteristics, comparing to those attributed to X-managers. This means, I am motivated first and foremost by higher psychological and cognitive needs like self-actualization and am more likely to motivate my inferiors rather than punishing or threatening them. In addition, the test shows that my negotiation strategies are based upon constructive discourse and attention to the opposing party’s interests. In addition, my approach to management if rather ‘futurological’, i.e. I seek to predict the long-term consequences, brought by my decisions and then find alternatives and options, which allow avoiding concrete negative outcomes. Nevertheless, the test can be widely criticized, as the students, who attend leadership classes are likely to have already learned (cognitively, but not always in behavioral dimension) the patterns of performance, required of a ‘successful manager’ and simply put these patterns as their true leadership style. The Followership Questionnaire The Followership Questionnaire is primary aimed at measuring the person’s critical and independent thinking and the ability to engage actively into the superiors’ assignments and team discussions, as the authors believe they are the major prerequisites to effective followership. In my opinion, the ability to follow is to great extent an art, similarly to managerial talents and capacities. My results suggest that I am an ‘exemplary follower, but due to the fact that I am often ‘consumed’ by my critical thinking, I might occasionally behave   like ‘alienated follower’. Positive followership   is an easy path to effective leadership, as independent followers, who contribute to group dynamics, are likely to ‘grow’ into confident leaders, who will be able to unite their team. The Leadership Grid Survey The results describe me as a ‘Middle of Road Manager’, who focuses on balancing between positive relationships and the accomplishment of certain organizational goals. This style often characterize inexperienced leaders, so I believe, after learning new skills, I will be able to avoid the possible ‘side effects’, related to the aforementioned ‘double policy’. Furthermore, the results probably demonstrate that I am not confident enough, – in fact, the problems lies not in my ‘shyness’, but rather in my poor experience in managing people and controlling their commitment and performance – this means, I still haven’t clearly imagined management and leadership ‘in action’. Least Preferred Coworker Scale This survey is the most interesting, as it involves projective techniques. The results suggest that my orientations to relationships and tasks are almost equivalent, but the former aspect demonstrates 3-point higher result.   Thus, as a leader, I tend to take into consideration multiple factors and dimensions (although they are more than 2) of the same issue or problem and reasonably preserve positive relationships with my team, but conform only in those decisions, which seem rational and sound. Nevertheless, as a leader, I accept that humans are irrational creatures, who should be approached with basically positive cognitive constructs about them. Conclusion The above presented results characterize me as a flexible leader, who can find balance between tasks and relationships, opposing interests and confronting viewpoints. On the other hand, my flexibility if limited, since I don’t tend lose the ability to think critically and independently. On the other hand, my emotiveness is not enough to inspire my hypothetical team immediately, therefore I need to invent alternative means of empowerment.

Global Media - 1711 Words

Nowadays, people live in a global age and the pace of globalisation has accelerated as a result of the rapid development of technology and economy. Under the process of globalisation, both the local culture and the mass media are affected dramatically. The phenomenon of homogenisation and heterogenisation has been created and is considered as the most representative and symbolic impact. However, the topic of globalisation is highly controversial and needs to be analysed in depth. In history, three theories have been used by scholars to look at globalisation and its effect. The modernisation theory and cultural dependency theory analysed the positive and negative influences of homogenisation as a result of globalisation. Heterogenisation,†¦show more content†¦In comparison with the large import of other countries, America imports only 1 percent of its commercial programmes and 2 percent of public service programmes (Barker 1997: 49). Similar to Hollywood films, the global expansion of Starbucks especially in China can be considered as another example of homogenisation. From 2002 to 2006, the number of its coffee houses has increased from 50 to 165 outlets in China (Biederman 2005). At that period, people in China could appreciate the benefit of globalisation as they were able to experience the American modern life. Nevertheless, as part of the American cultural empire, Starbucks leads an invasion against the local culture. As a result of its fast expansion, an increasing number of local Chinese-tea cafes is replaced by Starbucks coffee houses. Moreover, in 2000, there even appeared a Starbucks coffee shop in The Forbidden City in Beijing, one of the most historic sites of China (BBC NEWS 2007). Although the Starbucks coffee house was eventually shut down in 2007, this event clearly showed that under the process of global homogenisation, the cultural integrity of weak societies such as its local heritage are force d to face a great menace by the dominant cultural imperialism of developed countries. Unlike the former two perspectives, cultural pluralism theory looks at the relations and interactions between the local and global. Firstly, instead of being influenced passively, the local audienceShow MoreRelatedMedia And The Global Media1417 Words   |  6 Pagesbringing about the global media order. The first of these five shifts is the increasing concentration of ownership. This means that the global media is now dominated by a small number of powerful, centralized media conglomerates. Sociological theories of the various forms of the media shows us that they can never be assumed to be politically neutral or socially beneficial. 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